April 9 Marcello Cervini elected Pope Marcellus II April 17 Siena surrenders for Spanish troops May 23 Giampietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV September 25 Freedom of Religion in Augsburg September 30 Oxford Bishop Nicholas Ridley sentenced to death as a heretic October 21 Emperor Charles V makes Erard of Pallandt earl of Culemborg October 21 English parliament refuses to recognize Philip of Spain as king October 25 Emperor Karel puts son Philip II in charge of Netherlands/Naples/Milan November 17 William of Orange becomes member of Council of State
