January 7 Calais, last English possession in France, retaken by French January 8 French troops under duke de Guise occupy Calais January 9 Geneva becomes independent from Berne canton, Switzerland January 11 Westmunster Church in Middelburg destroyed by heavy storm March 5 Smoking tobacco introduced in Europe by Francisco Fernandes March 14 Ferdinand I appointed Holy Roman emperor April 4 Czar Ivan IV gives parts of North-Russia to fur traders April 24 Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland marries French crown prince Francois July 23 Battle at Grevelingen: Gen/earl Lamoraal van Egmont beat France August 4 1st printing of Zohar (Jewish Kabbalah) November 7 French king Henri II occupies Calais November 17 Elizabeth I ascends English throne upon death of Queen Mary December 29 Charles V, German emperor, buried
