February 3 German monarchy forms Protestant Union of Torgau March 1 Pope Gregory XIV threatens to excommunicate French king Henri IV March 13 Battle at Tondibi: Moroccans army under Judar beats sultan Askia Ishaq II of Songhai April 19 Chartres surrenders to king Henri IV in France May 20 Spanish troops in Zutphen surrenders to Willem Louis/Mauritius June 20 Mauritius and Willem van Nassau occupy Devente August 19 French king Henri IV occupies Rouen September 9 Battle at Flores Azores: Spanish beat English September 21 French bishops recognize Henri IV as king of France October 21 Nijmegen surrenders to Earl Mauritius van Nassau October 29 Giovanni A Facchinetti elected as Pope Innocentius IX November 12 Castiliaans army occupies Zaragoza
