2015 Event France and the U.K. agree to share responsibility for taking in immigrants fleeing Syria and other conflict-ridden nations; France agrees to accept 24,000 people over the next two years, and the U.K. will accept 20,000 2015 Event Over 6,000 Syrian migrants arrive in Austria after being detained in Hungary in an effort to control the recent mass wave of refugees fleeing Syria and other war-torn nations; many of the migrants plan to seek asylum in Austria and Germany 2015 Event Japanese protesters gather outside the nation's parliament building to oppose changes proposed by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to allow Japanese combat defense aid to allied nations for cases in which Japan itself is not under attack 2015 Event Barack Obama becomes the first U.S. president to address the African Union, which includes 54 nations as members; the president emphasized the importance of growing economies, reducing corruption, increasing education, and instituting democracy 2015 Event U.S. President Barack Obama speaks out in defense of the recent nuclear agreement between Iran and Western nations; the deal removes economic sanctions against Iran in exchange for reductions in its technological research and its nuclear fuel 2015 Event Nuclear talks between Iran and Western nations fail to conclude by today's extended deadline, leading both sides to agree to another extension; Iran seeks removal of all U.N. sanctions in exchange for limitations on its nuclear development activities 2015 Event Officials from India and Bangladesh sign the Land Boundary Agreement, permanently dividing disputed border territory between the two nations; residents of this territory have lacked government-sponsored services and clear citizenship status 2015 Event Gazprom, the state-owned Russian energy company, is sued by the E.U. for antitrust violations, including seeking control of pipelines in exchange for gas, charging steep prices, and limiting gas flows to nations beyond eastern Europe 2015 Event Iran will receive an S-300 air defense system from Russia; though the move won't violate U.N. sanctions against Iran, other nations currently in negotiation with Iran over nuclear issues have expressed concern 2015 Event U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raul Castro meet at the Summit of the Americas in Panama for talks aimed at thawing relations; the historic meeting marks the first interaction in decades between top leaders of the two nations 2015 Event The deadline has passed for conclusion of negotiations by Iran and a group of six nations on Iran's nuclear program; however, as some progress has been made, the talks will continue 2015 Event Negotiations continue between Iran and a group of six nations regarding limits on Iran's nuclear program, with the end of March approaching as an initial deadline; Iranian President Hassan Rouhani expresses optimism that an agreement will be reached 2015 Event Creditor nations agree to extend Greece's bailout program by four months as long as required economic reforms continue; new Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras had campaigned on reversing the reforms but now accepts the terms to avoid financial chaos 2015 Event Officials at the World Health Organization state that the number of new Ebola cases is rapidly declining, signaling a reversal of the epidemic; however, preventive measures and safety protocols are still needed in Ebola-infected nations 2015 Event Pope Francis appoints 20 new cardinals from a diverse array of nations, including Vietnam, New Zealand, Ethiopia, Tonga, Mexico, Myanmar, Uruguay, France and Thailand; three-fourths of the cardinals will have authority to vote on a papal successor 2014 Event The E.U. extends sanctions against Russia by banning oil and gas exploration, cruise ship activity, and investment in Russian-annexed Crimea, the annexation is considered illegitimate by E.U. member nations 2014 Event Almost 200 nations at the U.N. Climate Change Conference in Peru join an emissions reduction accord requiring each nation to post its plan online in 2015; the public can then pressure noncompliant nations to keep and strengthen their commitments 2014 Event Negotiations have stalled at the U.N. Climate Change Conference in Peru due to disagreement over how to distribute responsibilities for battling climate change across developed and developing nations 2014 Event The White House supports release of a report detailing CIA interrogation methods while acknowledging that the report details will likely spur violence by parties and nations hostile to the U.S. 2014 Event The U.N. World Food Program stops assistance to over 1.7 million Syrian refugees in the nations adjoining Syria; the program has provided over $800 million in aid but lacks funds to continue this support 2014 Event In a potential attempt to claim sovereignty, China is building an island in the South China Sea in an area claimed by several nations; sources speculate that the island may be used to support an airstrip and military activities 2014 Event The G-20 summit in Australia ends with a commitment by leaders of the 20 nations to take steps to raise their collective GDP by $2 trillion over the next four years; critics say that proposed measures are not specific enough to achieve this goal 2014 Event Botswana doctor Matshidiso Moeti will serve as new director of the World Health Organization office in Africa; Moeti will be instrumental in prevention of additional Ebola outbreaks and in restoration of health care facilities in Ebola-hit nations 2014 Event Separatists in Eastern Ukraine hold elections in Donetsk and Luhansk; Russia will recognize the elected leaders, but Ukraine and Western nations declare the elections illegitimate 2014 Event Australia bans all visas from the Ebola-hit nations of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone; the nation's officials state that this is required to preserve public health, but health experts have criticized the policy 2014 Event Several nations have pledged financial support to rebuild Gaza after destruction resulting from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the summer; commitments include an immediate $212 million U.S. donation and a $1 billion pledge from Qatar 2014 Event Palestine will be officially recognized as a sovereign state by the new government of Sweden; though the U.N. General Assembly supported such recognition two years ago, few nations have officially extended this recognition 2014 Event President Xi Jinping of China begins a visit to India today to discuss strengthening economic relations and potentially resolving disputes regarding segments of the border between the two nations 2014 Event A meeting between the foreign secretaries of India and Pakistan has been canceled following a Pakistani official's meeting with separatists in Kashmir province, a disputed territory claimed by both nations 2014 Event The European Union will assist Iraq in fighting Islamic State militants; European nations and the Union are sending arms in addition to humanitarian aid 2014 Event Japan updates its constitution to allow self-defense forces to assist in defending allied nations that come under attack. The change does not extend to assisting in other external military conflicts. 2014 Event Iran balks at the terms for peaceful nuclear development suggested by Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States; the nations hope to reach a deal by July 20th; in exchange, sanctions against Iran will be removed 2014 Event Telecom company Vodafone reports that certain nations allow authorities direct access to citizen communications data without a warrant; the company is prohibited from revealing the names of these nations 2014 Event Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel's Prime Minister, advises other nations to be cautious in recognizing the new Palestinian government, formed by agreement between Islamist rival groups Fatah and Hamas; Hamas plans to maintain its anti-Zionist stance 2014 Event The United Nations and the European Union have sent workers, equipment and supplies to Serbia and Bosnia in the wake of massive floods that have resulted in at least 36 deaths and a large number homeless after destruction of homes and farms 2014 Event Frustrated with the lack of progress in resolving the Syrian conflict, Lakhdar Brahimi resigns from his post as United Nations mediator 2014 Event The U.S. and Japan have made progress in their joint efforts on the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement; though an agreement has not been reached, both nations are interested in continuing negotiations 2014 Event G-20 nations discuss ending stimulus efforts in economically advanced nations while planning ways to increase global trade and employment opportunities to achieve global GDP growth 2014 Event United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appoints former Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg as a U.N. special envoy for cities and climate change 2013 Event Syria, Iran and North Korea are condemned for human rights violations by the United Nations 2013 Event The new U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Samantha Power, is sworn in by Vice President, Joe Biden 2013 Event The Arctic Council, an international forum that addresses issues faced by Arctic governments and the Arctic's indigenous people, gives China, India and four other nations observer status 2013 Event Australian diplomat Peter Woolcott's draft for the first-ever treaty to regulate the conventional arms trade is discussed by members of the United Nations 2012 Event All members of the Commonwealth of Nations, who have the British Monarch as their head of state, agree to the Succession of the Crown Bill, enabling a female child, for the first time, to become monarch 2012 Event According to the United Nations World Meterological Organisation, greenhouse gases reached record levels in 2011 2012 Event After last months extensive flooding, North Korea asks the United Nations for food aid 2012 Event Syria accuses Ban Ki-moon, Secretary of the United Nations, of 'encouraging attacks on the government' 2012 Event Queen Elizabeth II marks her 60th anniversary of becoming monarch of the U.K and seven sovereign states in the Commonwealth of Nations 2011 Event If Western nations impose more sanctions, Iran threatens to close down the key oil route of the Strait of Hormuz 2011 Event Reports indicate the credit ratings agency Standard & Poors will review 15 nations for possible downgrades, including France and Germany 2011 Event Following the turmoil of the Arab Spring G8 nations pledge $40 billion to help Arab countries reconstruct and implement democracy 2011 Event The first condemnation of discrimination against gays, lesbians and transgender people is issued by the United Nations Human Rights Council 2011 Event A report submitted to the United Nations states Iran has been caught attempting to transfer weaponry to terrorists including Hamas and the Taliban 10 times 2011 Event The U.S. announces it will boycott an anti-racism conference at the United Nations due to concerns over anti-Semetism 2011 Event Iran's Government rejects an investigation into alleged human rights abuses called for by the United Nations Human Rights Council 2011 Event Leaders from the G8 pass the issue of military intervention in Libya onto the United Nations Security Council 2011 Event The United Nations releases a report stating world food prices are at the highest in 20 years 2011 Event The United Nations Human Rights Council criticizes Burma for its human rights record 2010 Event NATO nations reach an agreement to begin handing over Afghanistan's security to the Afghanistan military by 2014 2010 Event Many nations urge lower fishing rates on the Atlantic bluefin tuna; quota limits on the critically endangered fish are discussed by major fishing nations in Paris 2010 Event An audio recording by Al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden says Muslim nations haven't done enough to support relief efforts in flood-hit Pakistan 2010 Event Delegates from 120 nations worldwide arrive in China for the 60th Miss World 2010 pageant 2010 Event The United Nations appoints Russia diplomat, Yury Fedotov, to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2010 Event United Nations officials believe 3.5 million children may contract waterborne diseases as a result of the floods in Pakistan 2010 Event The U.K. will increase aid to poor nations, including a 40% increase in Afghanistan, while reducing aid to 'powerhouses' like Russia, China and other eastern European countries 2010 Event Pope Benedict XVI celebrates open-air Mass at Fatima, Portugal with over 500,000 pilgrims attending from 35 nations including Vietnam, China and India 2010 Event President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad calls for 'alien troops' to leave and suggests that the regional nations be allowed to settle things themselves 2010 Event Yvo de Boer, top climate change official at the United Nations and Executive Secretary of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, resigns 2009 Event The United Nations opens its Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen 2009 Event North Korea claims it has entered the final phase of uranium enrichment, tells the United Nations it is open to dialogue 2003 Death Daniel Patrick Moynihan, U.S. ambassador to United Nations, Senator-D-New York, 1977 - 2001, died from complications from an appendectomy 2003 Event United States, Briain, Australia and Poland invade Iraq without United Nations sanction 2003 Event United Nations chief weapons inspector Hans Blix said there is no evidence that Iraq has any weapons of mass destruction 2003 Event The United Nations reported that there is no link between al Queda and Iraq 1997 Event Ted Turner gives $1 billion to the United Nations 1996 Death Erskine Childers, United Nations official/civil servant, dies at 67 1992 Event World's 7 wealthiest nations agree on $24B aid for former U.S.S.R. 1991 Event UNPO, Unrepresented Nations and People Org forms in Hague 1990 Event Deposed emir of Kuwait address United Nations General Assembly 1989 Event 12 European nations agree to ban chlorofluorocarbon production by 2000 1989 Event 140 nations agree to ban chemical weapons (poison gas, etc) 1988 Event Arafat addresses United Nations in Geneva 1988 Death Dino Conte Grandi, Italy, delegate to league of nations, dies at 92 1988 Event Lebanese terrorists kidnap United Nations truce observer Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins 1986 Event New York City jury indicts Gennadly Zakharov (Soviet United Nations employee) of spying 1985 Event 20 countries (but not U.S.) sign United Nations treaty outlawing torture 1983 Event U.S.S.R. vetoes United Nations resolution deploring its shooting down of Korean plane 1982 Event Shultz warns U.S. will withdraw from United Nations if they vote to exclude Israel 1982 Event U.S. vetos United Nations Security Council resolution for a limited withdrawal from Beirut of Israeli and Palestine Liberation Organization forces 1982 Event President Reagan 1st United Nations General Assembly address, "evil empire" speech 1981 Event Andrew Young, former United Nations Ambassador, elected mayor of Atlanta, Georgia 1979 Event Donald McHenry named to succeed Andrew Young as United Nations ambassador 1979 Event Andrew Young resigns as United Nations ambassador 1976 Event Uganda asks United Nations to condemn Israeli hostage rescue raid on Entebbe 1976 Event International Bill of Rights goes into effect (35 nations ratifying) 1975 Event PLO leader Yasser Arafat addresses United Nations in New York City 1975 Event Helsinki Pact guaranteeing boundaries, rights signed by 35 nations 1974 Death [Sithu] U Thant, United Nations Secretary-General (1961-72), dies in New York of cancer at 65 1974 Event South Africa suspended from United Nations General Assembly over racial policies 1974 Event Most Arab oil producing nations end embargo against US 1973 Event 6 Persian Gulf nations double their oil prices 1972 Birthday Geri Halliwell, born in Watford, England, author, philanthropist, known as 'Ginger Spice' from band, the Spice Girls, representative for the United Nations Population Fund 1972 Event U.S., U.S.S.R. and 70 other nations agree to ban biological weapons 1971 Death Ralph J Bunche, United Nations delegate/Nobel Prize winner, dies at 67 in New York City 1971 Event China People's Republic seated in United Nations Security Council 1971 Event General Meeting of United Nations agrees to admit China PR 1970 Event U.S. casts their 1st United Nations Security Council veto (Support England) 1970 Event Nationalists disrupt United Nations session on Congo 1968 Event U.S., Britain, U.S.S.R. and 58 nations sign Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty 1968 Event 2-tiered gold price negotiated in Washington D.C. by U.S. and 6 European nations 1968 Death Frederik M baron van Asbeck, lawyer (League of Nations), dies at 78 1967 Event Gold pool nations pledge support of $35 per ounce gold price 1967 Event Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand meet to form Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 1967 Event Israel, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt end "6-Day War" with United Nations help 1966 Death Trygve Halvdan Lie, 1st United Nations Secretary-General (1946-53), dies at 72 1965 Event General Meeting of United Nations refuses admittance of China PR 1965 Event Several Arab nations break ties with West Germany after it established diplomatic relations with Israel 1964 Event Last United Nations troops leave Congo 1963 Event Kuwait is 111th member of the United Nations 1962 Event U Thant of Burma elected 3rd Secretary-General of United Nations unanimously 1962 Event 110th member of United Nations admitted (Uganda) 1962 Event Adlai Stevenson speaks at United Nations about Cuba crisis 1961 Event U.S.S.R. vetoes Kuwaits application for United Nations membership 1961 Event General Meeting of United Nations debates about New-Guinea 1961 Event Congolese soldiers murder 13 Italian United Nations pilots 1961 Death Dag Hammarskjold, United Nations Secretary General, dies in an air crash over Congo at 56 1961 Event Battles between United Nations and Katanga troops in Congo 1960 Event General Meeting of United Nations condemns apartheid 1960 Event Belgium threatens to leave United Nations due to criticism on it's Congo-policy 1960 Event Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe at United Nations General Assembly 1960 Event Fidel Castro gives a very long speech at the United Nations, 4 hours, 29 minutes 1960 Event U.N. General Assembly admit 13 African countries and Cyprus (96 nations) 1960 Event 1st United Nations troops reach Congo 1960 Event Argentina complains to United Nations about Israeli illicit transfer of Eichmann 1959 Event 12 nations sign treaty for scientific peaceful use of Antarctica 1958 Event 9,000 scientists of 43 nations petition United Nations for nuclear test ban 1957 Event United Nations adopts a resolution calling for Israeli troops to leave Egypt 1956 Event Hungary appeals for United Nations assistance against Soviet invasion 1956 Event Jordan attacks United Nations Palestine force 1954 Death Andrej J Vysjinski, Russian United Nations ambassador, dies at 70 1954 Event Charles Mahoney becomes 1st U.S. black to serve as a full United Nations delegate 1953 Event North Korea and United Nations sign armistice 1953 Event Dag Hammarskjold of Sweden elected 2nd United Nations general-secretary 1953 Death Alexander Loudon, Dutch diplomat (League of Nations), dies at 60 1951 Event United Kingdom of Libya gains independence from Italy via United Nations 1951 Death Eric Drummond, 1st Secretary-General League of Nations (1919-33), dies at 75 1951 Event United Nations condemns People's Republic of China as aggressor in Korea 1950 Event During Korean conflict, United Nations forces land at Inchon in South Korea 1950 Event 13 North Korean divisions open assault on United Nations lines 1950 Event General Douglas MacArthur named commander-in-chief, United Nations forces in Korea 1950 Event North Koreans troop reach Seoul, United Nations asks members to aid South Korea, Truman orders Air Force and Navy into Korean conflict 1949 Event United Nations' permanent New York City headquarters is dedicated 1949 Event Security Council of United Nations recommends membership for Israel 1948 Event Ralph J. Bunche confirmed as acting United Nations mediator in Palestine 1948 Death Count Folke Bernadotte, United Nations mediator for Palestine, assassinated 1948 Event Ground breaking ceremony for United Nations world headquarters 1947 Event Day after United Nations decree for Israel, Jewish settlements attacked 1947 Event Netherlands ceases political action in Indonesia, due to United Nations pressure 1947 Event Demolition begins for United Nations HQ in New York City 1946 Event U.N. General Assembly votes to establish United Nations HQs in New York City 1946 Event U.S. government asks United Nations to order dictator Franco out of Spain 1946 Event League of Nations dissolves, 3 months after United Nations starts 1946 Event League of Nations assembles for last time 1946 Event United Nations Security Council holds its 1st meeting 1945 Event Ratification of United Nations Charter completed 1945 Event President Harry S. Truman signs United Nations Charter 1945 Event U.S. Senate ratifies United Nations charter 89-2 1945 Event Nicaragua becomes 1st nation to formally accept United Nations Charter 1945 Event U.N. Charter signed by 50 nations in SF 1945 Event 45 countries convene United Nations Conference on International Organization in SF 1945 Event San Francisco selected for site of United Nations Conference 1943 Event United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration forms 1942 Event U.S. and British government announce establishment of United Nations 1942 Event 28 nations, at war with Axis, pledge no separate peace 1939 Event Soviet Union attacks Finland-League of Nations drops Soviet Union 1939 Birthday Terence Stamp, born in England, actor, Collector, Alien Nations 1939 Event Hungary leaves League of Nations 1938 Event League of Nations declares Japan the aggressor against China 1938 Birthday John Weston, born in England, diplomat, UK Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council, 1992 - 1995, British Permanent Representative to the United Nations 1995 - 1998 1938 Birthday Kofi Annan, born in Ghana, Kofi Atta Annan, diplomat, statesman, Secretary-General of the United Nations 1997 - 2007, received 2001 Nobel Peace Prize 1937 Event Italy withdraws from League of Nations 1936 Event League of Nations starts sanctions against Italy 1936 Event Haile Selassie asks League of Nations for sanctions against Italy 1935 Event League of Nations denounces Italian invasion of Abyssinia 1934 Event U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations 1934 Event U.S.S.R. joins League of Nations (Netherland, Switzerland and Portugal vote no) 1933 Event Nazi Germany announces withdrawal from League of Nations 1933 Event Japan leaves League of Nations 1933 Event League of Nations tells Japanese to pull out of Manchuria 1932 Event Iraq gains full independence from Britain, joins League of Nations 1932 Birthday Andrew Young, U.S. ambassador to United Nations, 1977 - 1979, Mayor-D-Atlanta 1928 Event Kellogg-Briand Pact, where 60 nations agree to outlaw war 1927 Event U.S. government doesn't sign league of Nations disarmament treaty 1927 Birthday Daniel Patrick Moynihan, born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. ambassador to United Nations, Senator-D-New York, 1977 - 2001 1926 Birthday Jeane J Kirkpatrick, Duncan Oklahoma, U.S. ambassador to United Nations, R 1926 Event Germany joins League of Nations 1926 Event League of Nations Assembly voted unanimously to admit Germany 1926 Event Brazil leaves League of Nations 1926 Event Spain and Brazil prevent Germany joining League of Nations 1926 Event German Reichstag decides to apply for League of Nations membership 1925 Event League of Nations conference on arms control and poison gas usage 1924 Event League of Nations approves protocols of Geneva 1924 Event Santo Domingo joins League of Nations 1923 Event Abyssinia (Ethiopia) leaves League of Nations 1923 Event Irish Free state joins League of Nations 1923 Event League of Nations gives Belgium mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (was German) 1922 Birthday Boutros Boutros Ghali, Egyptian Secretary-General of United Nations, 1992 - 1997 1922 Event Hungary admitted to League of Nations 1922 Event Togo made a mandate of League of Nations 1921 Event League of Nations refuses to assist starving Russians 1921 Event Estonia and Lithuania admitted to League of Nations 1920 Event British Empire receives League of Nations mandate to Nauru 1920 Event Japan receives League of Nations mandate over Pacific islands 1920 Event South Africa receives League of Nations mandate over SW Africa 1920 Event League of nations establishes International Court of Justice in The Hague 1920 Event Free City of Danzig forms under League of Nations protection 1920 Event League of Nations holds 1st meeting, in Geneva 1920 Event League of Nations moves headquarters in Geneva 1920 Event China joins the League of Nations 1920 Event League of Nations places International head of Justice in Hague 1920 Event U.S. Senate votes against membership in League of Nations 1920 Event U.S. Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles for 2nd time refusing to ratify League of Nations' covenant (maintaining isolation policy) 1920 Event Denmark and Cuba join the League of Nations 1920 Event Netherlands joins League of Nations 1920 Event League of Nations recognizes perpetual neutrality of Switzerland 1920 Event Switzerland rejoin League of Nations 1920 Event Saarland administrated by League of Nations 1920 Birthday Javier Perez de Cuellar, Lima Peru, 5th Secretary-General of United Nations, 1982-91 1920 Event 1st assembly of League of Nations in Paris 1920 Event League of Nations established 1919 Event U.S. Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations 1919 Event League of Nations set up by Paris Treaty 1919 Event League of Nations 1st meeting (Paris) 1919 Event Founding of League of Nations, 1st meeting 1 year later 1915 Birthday Lord Huntingfield, British agent to United Nations Secreteriat 1909 Birthday [Sithu] U Thant, Burma, 3rd United Nations Secretary-General, 1962-72 1909 Birthday U Thant, born in Pantanaw, Burma, born Pantanaw U Thant, diplomat and third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971 1908 Birthday Arthur J. Goldberg, born in Illinois, United Nations ambassador and Supreme Court justice, 1962 - 1965 1908 Birthday Max Abramovitz, U.S. architect, Lincoln Center, United Nations Building 1907 Event 44 nations meet in 2nd Hague Peace Conference 1905 Birthday Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden, 2nd United Nations Secretary-General, 1953-61, Nobel 1961 1899 Event World Goodwill Day-26 nations meet in 1st Hague Peace Conference 1896 Birthday Trygve Halvdan Lie, born in Norway, 1st United Nations secretary general, 1946-52 1895 Birthday Dino Conte Grandi, Italy, delegate to league of nations, 1925-32 1893 Birthday Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, President of United Nations General Assembly, 1962-63 1889 Birthday Frederik M baron of Asbeck, Dutch lawyer, League of Nations 1887 Birthday Benegal Narsing Rau, India, President of United Nations Security Council, 1950 1886 Birthday Alfonso Lopez, Colombia, statesman, President United Nations security council-1948 1876 Birthday Eric Drummond, 1st Secretary-General of League of Nations, 1919 - 1933 1870 Birthday Jan Christian Smuts, proponnent of Commonwealth and League of Nations 1869 Birthday Alfred R Zimmerman, mayor, Rotterdam 1906 - 1922, Dir, League of Nations 1864 Birthday Lord Cecil of Chelwood, UK, help form League of Nations, Nobel 1937 1864 Event Geneva Convention signed by 12 nations 1723 Birthday Adam Smith, Kirkcaldy Scot, economist, Wealth of Nations, baptized
