January 11 Emperor Maximilian II grants Austrian adel freedom of religion January 23 Queen Elizabeth I opens Royal Exchange in London March 19 Spanish troops occupy Manila March 25 Catholic Italian businessman Roberto Ridolfi leaves Enngeland May 16 Johannes Kepler, by his own calculations, is conceived at 4:37 AM May 19 Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi founded Manilla in the Phillipines May 20 Venice, Spain and Pope Pius form anti-Turkish Saint League September 4 Catholic coup in Scotland October 4 Synod of Emden October 7 Battle at Lepanto: Saint League (Spain and Italy) destroys Turkish fleet
