January 23 France and Sweden sign anti-German Treaty of Barwald February 5 Rhode Island, founder, Roger Williams arrives in Boston from England May 17 Earl Johann Tilly attacks Maagdenburg May 18 English colony Massachusetts Bay grants puritarian voting right May 18 John Winthrop is elected 1st governor of Massachusetts May 20 German army under earl Johann Tilly conquerors Maagdenburg May 30 France/Maximilian van Bavarian signs Accord of Fontainebleau June 19 Peace of Cherasco: Charles de Gonzaga-Nevers becomes duke of Mantua September 13 Admiral Tholen conquerors 30+ Spanish frigates September 17 Battle of Breitenfeld: King Gustaaf Adolf defeats General Tilly October 10 Saxon army occupies Prague November 4 Ferdinand of Austria installed as land guardian of S Netherlands November 7 Pierre Gassendi observes transit of Mercury predicted by Kepler December 6 1st predicted transit of Venus (Kepler) is observed December 16 Mount Vesuvious, Italy erupts, destroys 6 villages and kills 4,000
